85_1

READING

1.            A NEW APPROACH TO PIRACY: Over the last few years we've learnt a lot about piracy. Shipping companies are now being a lot more proactive in disrupting their activities. These new attacks have involved helicopter gunship attacks on pirate bases onshore. Ships' Captains have been taught how to accelerate and (evade/invade) attack. Hulls are now covered with barbed wire and powerful water hoses to deter pirates as they try to climb onboard. There has been an increase in the use of private armed security contractors who have had great success preventing hijacks. It's these armed guards that the pirates are most afraid of.

2.            BERTHING WITH ANCHORS: # N /Anchors are normally used when no tugs are available or in the (absence/absent/absentee) of bow thrusters. During all manoeuvring and harbour operations, one team is always assigned to anchor operations (in case/for instance/such as) of an emergency when it may be necessary to stop the vessel during engine or steering (failure/failproof/failsafe). Dredging anchors is a popular technique used to manoeuvre large ships in constrained waterways. A large anchor is lowered (away/out/from) the bow of the vessel so it just touches the bottom without getting anchored or set. (Through/While/During) an emergency while manoeuvring, emergency anchoring is used to stop the ship as soon as possible to avoid collision and grounding. Extreme care must be taken not to have excessive force or pressure in the anchor winches and machinery or (else/even/other) it may lead to accidents.

3.            BUNKERING 1: # Before ordering bunkers and also before commencement of bunkering accurate sounding or ullages of the oil tanks are to be taken. This is to (determine the amount/recognize differences/notify substances) already on board and to ensure that the expected supply can be accommodated safely. It is essential that the vessel’s trim and list, if any exist due (to cargo operations/shore leave/communications), are taken into account. Oil absorbent (dry material/liquids/containers) such as sand or sawdust, should be available on deck (at all times/after sailing/thoroughly) to deal with any spillage witch may occur. The hoses and other equipment in use should be regularly inspected prior to commencement of bunkering and at regular intervals during use this will assist (detection of leakage/the possibility/the direction) or damage.

4.            BUNKERING 2: # Before bunkering, drip trays of (sufficient size/all cargoes/engineer’s use) should be placed under the hose couplings and flanges. All unused manifolds are to be (blanked/revealed/painted) and bolts fitted to each hole. All hose flanges must have proper joints and be fitted with a bolt in each hole. The responsible officer should ensure that all staff engaged in bunkering operations are (completely familiar/signed off/conveniently positioned) with the ship’s fuel system including the position of overflow and air pipes. Air vent pipes are to be inspected to ensure that displaced air and gases can escape (freely and safely/into the lifeboats/dangerously). All fuel line and tank filling valves should be double checked (to make sure/for the chief officer/for oil) that the correct valves are open.

5.            BUNKERING OPERATIONS: # During bunker operations some precautions need to be taken (to eliminate/to improve/to ignore) any pollution risks. For example, when bunkering at berth, the vessel’s mooring lines are to be inspected regularly. This is to ensure that they are kept properly (tensioned/stored/allowed) and to minimize any movement of the vessel. The (same precautions/difficulties/winch gear) are to be observed for mooring lines when bunkering from a barge. Before starting to bunker the means of communication between the ship, shore, barge or tanker should be checked and signals used should be (thoroughly understood/contained/transported) by all parties. The officer appointed to supervise the bunkering operation must closely (co-operate/misunderstand/instruct) with other engineers and deck officers. Very clear and efficient communication is imperative among the vessel’s crew who are in charge of the operation.

6.            CARRYING OUT MAINTENANCE WORK SAFETY: Many accidents occur during maintenance work, controlling risk means following safe practices for example. Where possible carry-out maintenance with the power switched off and ideally disconnected or with the fuses or keys removed particularly where access to dangerous parts is needed. Isolate equipment and pipelines containing pressurized fuel, gas, steam or hazardous material, isolating valves should be locked off and the system depressurized where possible particularly if access to dangerous parts is required. Support parts of equipment which could fall allow moving equipment to stop.

7.            CHECKLISTS: N We need more than just hard work when working (at/in/on) sea. It can be difficult to (memorise/memorising/memory) the necessary and essential procedures and routine checks. This is where checklists and reports can come (at/on/in) handy. A systematic approach to work can be followed when necessary instructions are presented to the crew in written form. This is hopefully a fool (improve/proof/prove) way to avoid errors. All companies should make a compilation of important checklists and reports that are (used/used to/using) on board the vessels. This should help to make your life easier and a (lot/many/much) safer.

8.            CHEMICAL FIRE: # With fires involving chemical, it is important for the emergency party (to remain/Leader/for resumption) well upwind. The same applies to a spillage (not resulting in a fire) of a chemical cargo on deck. In port, the Oil Spill Contingency Plan must be (put into action/the company/to priorities) and the port authorities informed. Action here will depend on firstly, the danger to life on board and secondly environmental (considerations/speed/thirdly). If any spillage is to be washed overboard it should be done using copious quantities of water applied (in the form of/sometimes/from shore) a spray only. Breathing apparatus and protective clothing will be required, Special instructions to deal with a leakage of, or fire in dangerous chemicals carried as deck cargo must always (be available/be destroyed/be lashed down) before sailing from the loading port.

9.            CONFINED SPACES: # When entering confined spaces, the atmosphere may be dangerous to health or even fatal. It may be deficient in oxygen and may contain flammable or toxic fume vapours. A competent person should make an assessment of the space and a responsible officer should be designated to take charge of the planned operation. It is vitally important to identify the potential hazards. The space must be prepared and secured for entry and the atmosphere inside should be tested. No sources of ignition should be taken into the space. In all cases, rescue and resuscitation equipment should be positioned ready for use at the entrance to the space. A system of communication should be agreed and tested to ensure that any person entering the space can keep contact with the person stationed at the entrance.

10.         CRUISE SHIP EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES: # / of / skills / outgoing / make / all times / in short /

11.         DANGEROUS MATERIALS AND GOODS: # Many materials used on board ships have health and safety implications for personnel handling them. All dangerous materials are only to be used in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Chemicals must always be handled with great care and personal protective equipment utilized. This equipment is to consist of eye protection, rubber gloves and an apron. Care is to be taken not to breathe chemical vapours. Proprietary eye wash liquid is to be available as a first aid measure to remove chemicals from the eyes.

12.         DEATH IN AN ENCLOSED SPACE – CASE STUDY: / as / off / conducting / intention / rised / in /

13.         ELECTRICAL HAZARDS: # If seafarer has been electrocuted the current might have caused the person's heart to stop and they may de suffering from burns. The person may be twitching if they are still (on/in) contact with the current. High voltage current may also have thrown the (casual/casualty) quite some distance from the original source of the live electricity. You need to turn off the source of the electrical quickly. However, you should (take/bear) in mind that by doing tins you could create other problem for example. If the fan is no (long/longer) working the atmosphere could become dangerous. Unless you are wearing insulated clothing and boots don't touch the person until you're (completion/completely) certain that they are safe, especially if they're in water.                      

14.         EMERGENCY PARTIES 1: # An Emergency Party is selected from the most suitable officers and ratings on the ship. Usually several emergency parties are formed, such as Bridge Party, Engine Room Party, First Aid Party and Fire-Fighting Party. Regular alarm testing must be used as an opportunity for all on board to learn to recognize the signal for activating the emergency team. This is particularly important where confusion may arise from different alarms. Suitable locations are to be designated for the Emergency Parties to muster at. They must have reasonable access to the upper deck, the accommodation and machinery/ spaces. The Emergency Party is to muster at a location where emergency equipment is readily available.

15.         EMERGENCY PARTIES 2: # An Emergency Party is selected from the most suitable officers and ratings on the ship. Usually several emergency parties are formed, such as Bridge Party, Engine Room Party, First Aid Party and Fire-Fighting Party. Regular alarm testing must be used as an opportunity for all on board to learn to recognize the signal for activating the emergency team. This is particularly important where confusion may arise from different alarms. Suitable locations are to be designated for the Emergency Parties to muster at. They must have reasonable access to the upper deck, the accommodation and machinery/ spaces. The Emergency Party is to muster at a location where emergency equipment is readily available.

16.         EMERGENCY PROCEDURES: = # Anyone on board who discovers an emergency must first activate (the nearest alarm switch/his computer/the nearest mobile telephone). He must ensure that the Deck Officer on duty is informed without delay (as to the nature and location of/and post warnings of/to ignore) the emergency, and then proceed to his Emergency Station. In the case of a minor fire, after the alarm has been raised, an attempt should be made to tackle it with minor fire appliances. In case (of a more serious fire/of serious damage to cargo/of water damage), doors should be shut and the area secured before evacuating it. All alarm signals are shown (on the Muster List/in the cargo containers/in the Port State Control Offices). It is (essential/not necessary/optional) that all crew members are aware of the meaning of the various alarm signals in use on board. In all cases, signals are to be backed up with information on the ship's (public address system/computers/ sounding board), where fitted.

17.         ENCLOSED SPACE ENTRY case study-failure to follow procedure 1: = # A third officer onboard a chemical tanker was (discovered/discovering/discovery) unconscious in a partially inerted cargo tank while the vessel was alongside. The cause of death was (as a result/because/due) to nitrogen gas exposure. The third officer had been checking the oxygen level in the tank (at/in/on) preparation for loading a cargo of propylene oxide. The onboard emergency response team quickly arrived (for/in/on) the scene and carried out a tank rescue. The third officer was taken (by/in/on) helicopter to a local hospital. He died several days later. It is estimated that the atmosphere in the tank contained approximately 10% oxygen (at/in/on) the time of the accident.

18.         ENCLOSED SPACE ENTRY case study-failure to follow procedure 2: = # A third officer onboard a chemical tanker was (discovered/discovering/discovery) unconscious in a partially inerted cargo tank while the vessel was alongside. The onboard emergency response team quickly arrived (for/in/on) the scene and carried out a tank rescue. The third officer was taken (by/in/on) helicopter to a local hospital. He died several days later. The cause of death was (as a result/because/due) to nitrogen gas exposure. The third officer had been checking the oxygen level in the tank (at/in/on) preparation for loading a cargo of propylene oxide. It is estimated that the atmosphere in the tank contained approximately 10% oxygen (at/in/on) the time of the accident.

19.         ENCLOSED SPACE ENTRY: = # An enclosed space includes tanks for cargo, ballast, fuel, fresh water, cofferdams etc. However, any enclosed space is to be considered as dangerous if that space has been closed for an extended period without any ventilation. Such spaces may be oxygen deficient or be filled with toxic fumes from cargoes, fuel or even pant and chemicals. An inspection by Master and Chief engineer is to be carried out in order to identify all spaces which through lack of regular use or any other reason may be considered dangerous. These spaces are to be clearly marked with appropriate warnings, stating that enclosed space entry procedures must be followed. No person must enter an enclosed space, unless a permit has been issued by a senior officer and all precautions have been taken along with adequate safety equipment and personnel stand­-by in case of emergency.

20.         FIRE FIGHTING DRILL AND TRAINING: # / every / (be carried/be held) / (ejecting/mustering) / (rescue/safety) / documented / (scheme/scenario) /

21.         FIRE PREVENTION: = # Nearly all fires which have happened on board ships could have been (avoided/deleted/recorded). Fire-fighting on board is difficult and dangerous owing to the (confined areas/blackout/fire hoses) in which the fire may be tackled and restricted means of escape. These difficulties and dangers (can be greatly reduced/cannot be avoided/must be increased) with the regular exercising and training in the drills. Good housekeeping in all areas of the ship is essential for fire prevention. Strictly observe (smoking/alcohol/MARPOL) regulations. Private electrical equipment is only to be used if the equipment is type (approved/locked/one). When such equipment is not in use they must be (switched off/greased regularly/placed in the cabin) and disconnected from the power source. ----- Laundry equipment is to be switched off when not in use. Spillages of oil, paint, solvents or other flammable liquids are to be cleaned up immediately and rags disposed of correctly.         

22.         GARBAGE DISPOSAL 1: # Under Annex V of the MARPOL Convention, garbage includes all kinds of food and domestic and operational waste generated during normal operation of the vessel. A Garbage Management Plan is obligatory on board the ship. This plan is to be adapted to meet any ship-specific requirements. Each new member of the crew must receive full instruction and training in the management of ship's garbage and waste. This is to include collection, separation, processing, storage and disposal. The Garbage Management Plan is to be reviewed regularly to ensure that it remains effective. The Garbage Disposal Record must include information with regard to when garbage is discharged into the sea. To reception facilities ashore or to another ship, when garbage is incinerated and any accidental or exceptional discharge of garbage. The disposal record along with receipt for any garbage landed ashore are to be kept on port for a minimum of two years and are to be readily available for inspection by port official and other inspection.

23.         GARBAGE DISPOSAL 2: = Under Annex V of the MARPOL Convention, garbage includes all kinds of food and domestic and operational waste generated during normal operation of the vessel. A Garbage Management Plan is obligatory on board the ship. This plan is to be adapted to meet any ship-specific requirements. Each new member of the crew must receive full instruction and training in the management of ship's garbage and waste. This is to include collection, separation, processing, storage and disposal. The Garbage Management Plan is to be reviewed regularly to ensure that it remains effective. The Garbage Disposal Record must include information with regard to when garbage is discharged into the sea. To reception facilities ashore or to another ship, when garbage is incinerated and any accidental or exceptional discharge of garbage.                                                   

24.         HOUSEKEEPING: # Good housekeeping is important for safe work on board. All areas must be kept clean dry, free of rubbish, and free from slipping and tripping hazards. The right tools should be used for each job and they must be kept in good order. To avoid any accidents tools, materials, spares and other supplies should be stowed securely and correctly. When you work it is necessary to have sufficient lighting. All alleyways, escape routes and emergency exits must not be obstructed. If there are some leaking pipes or fittings any leakage should be traced and stopped. Any spills must be cleaned up immediately. Oil soaked rags and other flammable materials are potentially hazardous and must be disposed of in fireproof receptacles.

25.         IMPORTANCE OF EATING WELL AT SEA: N The galley is the heart of a vessel and the importance of good food on long voyages cannot be overestimated. Imagine spending time in a force nine (air/breath/breeze/gale), where the vessel is (driving/rolling/swelling/tripping) heavily and on watch it is icy cold with driving rain. The seafarers always (look forward/look out/look through/look towards) to going to the galley for quality, hot food. If they have bad food then that will have a negative effect on their morale. (Accepting/According/Agreeing/Approving) to the chef on the “MV Lucky Star” who dishes up three meals a day, it is essential to provide a diet high in vitamin C and nutrients when away for long periods. However, he also takes pride in serving up a variety of traditional favourites to provide a taste of home. In his galley and storerooms, the chef (is stockpile/is stockpiled/stockpile/stockpiles) large quantities of food for a long voyage, including tins of beans and packets of sausages. However, his daily emphasis is on fresh food, baking bread, preparing vegetables and planning menus on a limited (budget/debt/hire/value).                                                             

26.         KEEPING WATCH AT THE GANGWAY: # ? All visitors must be asked to show identification. Details will then be entered into the visitors' logbook and a pass issued. Random checking of persons and their belongings is to be carried out as per the security plan and the security level in force. Personal checks can be assisted by the use of a hand-held metal detector. During a check any weapons or anything that could be considered as suspicious or looks unusual should be treated as a security alert. If in doubt request the advice of the Officer of the Watch or the Ship Security Officer. If the person refuses to allow his bags suspicious then they and their baggage must not be allowed on board If a visitor refuses to show Ins identification or if you suspect the identification document to be false you should contact the Officer of the Watch or the SSO. ----- / identification / belongings / hand-held metal detector / suspicious / to be searched / false / ----- / identification / pass / belongings / hand-held metal detector / suspicious / to be searched/                   Всех посетителей необходимо попросить предъявить удостоверение личности. Затем данные будут внесены в журнал учета посетителей и пропуска. Выборочная проверка лиц и их имущества должна проводиться в соответствии с планом обеспечения безопасности и действующим уровнем безопасности. Личные проверки могут быть помогать при помощи ручного металлоискателя. Во время проверки любое оружие или что-либо, что может считаться подозрительным или необычным, должно рассматриваться как предупреждение безопасности. В случае сомнений обратитесь за советом к вахтенному офицеру или офицеру Службы безопасности судна. Если человек отказывается впустить свои подозрительные сумки, то они и их багаж не должны быть допущены на борт, если посетитель отказывается предъявить удостоверение личности Ins или если вы подозреваете, что документ, удостоверяющий личность, является ложным, вы должны связаться с сотрудником вахты или SSO.

27.         LIFE-SAVING APPLIANCES: = # Lifeboats are the primary means of escape from a vessel in distress, however operations involving the lowering of lifeboats are potentially hazardous. Lifeboats must be launched and exercised in the water once every three months. If the vessel is equipped with free fall lifeboats, launches are required six monthly. It is important to maintain the lifeboats falls and davits as per manufacturer's manual. Release systems must be properly adjusted, regularly maintained, correctly operated and tested regularly. Failure to do this can lead to a malfunction of the release equipment resulting in the boat being released prematurely or alternatively not being released. Training must be carried out to ensure that all crewmembers are familiar with the correct operation of this type of equipment.

28.         MEDIA: # During serious incidents many (telephone calls/news journalists/visitors) may be made to the ship. The Master must (clearly identify/give all details to/introduce himself to) the caller before passing on any information. Unauthorized callers/emergency parties/new crew members) must be referred to the Company for information. The media/the Coast Guard representatives/the ship chandler) in particular will persist in trying to obtain as much information as possible. Only the Master must speak to them. Information passed must only be the minimum necessary and is to be factual. Information, which is found to be (misleading/accurate/truthful), can be very damaging to the management of the incident. The Master must ensure that no other Officer or crewman speaks to the media. At no tune must anyone (comment on/damage/witness) the cause of the incident.

29.         MIXED-NATIONALITY CREWS: ____, it is common for seafarers to live and work in multinational crews, where there can be differences in language, lifestyles, religion and culture.                 ___ recent research, crews of different nationalities work together effectively if they have the right conditions and company support. When conflicts ___, the root cause is often due to a lack of communication and feeling of isolation. There can be a lot of story and joke telling among crews, but if some people ___ the same language then sometimes it is ___ to avoid such banter and this can cause loneliness and isolation on board. As well as creating a happy working atmosphere, positive communication improves the ___ of the ship’s team. Regular onboard team meetings help give a sense of involvement and participation to each crew member.   ____ как правило, моряки живут и работают в многонациональных экипажах, где могут существовать различия в языке, образе жизни, религии и культуре. ___ недавние исследования, экипажи разных национальностей эффективно работают вместе, если у них есть правильные условия и поддержка компании. Когда конфликты ____, первопричина часто из-за отсутствия связи и чувство изоляции. Среди экипажей может быть много рассказов и шуток, но если некоторые люди ___ говорят на одном языке, то иногда это___, чтобы избежать такого подшучивания, и это может вызвать одиночество и изоляцию на борту. Помимо создания счастливой рабочей атмосферы, позитивное общение улучшает ___ команды судна. Регулярные встречи на борту помогают каждому члену экипажа почувствовать свою причастность и сопричастность.

30.         MOBILE PHONES AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT: = # There is a strong possibility of (shipboard electronics malfunctioning) because of interference caused by the use of mobile telephones. This can be potentially very dangerous. (Sensitive equipment) such as fire alarm and gas detection systems are particularly prone to (interference) from other electronic equipment. Masters are required to identify the critical areas on the vessel and ensure a sign is posted regarding (restrictions on the use of portable phones) during critical periods. Areas where restrictions may be necessary include: the navigation bridge and the engine control room (during maneuvering); and the cargo control room during (cargo operations) in the vicinity of the steering gear.

31.         MOVING THE INJURED PERSON from an enclosed space: = N Unless you have to move the injured person fast, you should (secure/separate/severe) them firmly to a stretcher. Sometime it might be better to tie the casualty to a wooden plank or aluminum (pole/peel/pill) (In/at/on) this case, tie the person up neatly and firmly with their safety helmet on, (although/moreover/whatever) the means of evacuation, it's important the casualty can be easily moved by the rescuers without coming to further harm.  For example, in a very narrow hole it may be necessary to turn the casualty on (back/over/to) their side. It's important to make sure the casualty won't fall off the stretcher (during/through/while) they're being maneuvered.

32.         MUSTER LIST: # The sea can be a dangerous. Even with modern ships and modern technology disasters can still happen. Collision, fire foundering can all lead to abandonment. When human lives are at risk all seafarers and their colleagues must understand their responsibilities.      It is the master list that specifies what each person on board must do in an emergency. It must be displayed in the engine room, in the accommodation and on the bridge. The muster list must give details of the (general emergency/ship particulars) and the location of the muster or assembly station. It must be kept up to date and to ensure that everyone fully understands their duties, regular drills must be held. The muster list will also detail the special duty parties including the fire-fighting and life-boat preparation parties. ----- / collision / responsibilities / an emergency / bridge / general emergency / kept up to date /

33.         NAVIGATION WITH WIND: A navigation officer has to be Extreme careful when steering a vessel from its course. The bridge team need to be experienced enough to sail the ship (of/in/at) all kinds of water and weather condition. Vessel (such/so/thus) as containers and ro-ro ferries have large freeboard and are therefore more effected by winds. The exposed area of the vessel is also called the windage area as the wind is stronger here. On the same vessel the wind will be different depending into the draught condition of the vessel. A wind with force 3-4 on the Buford scale will have a similar impact in light condition to a wind of 7-8 on the Buford scale when the ship is down to her marks.

34.         OIL SPILL: # Half of all major pollution claims arise from incidents on ships that are not carrying oil cargoes spillages of bunker oil and collision account for over one third of the total number of pollution claims. All ships' personnel must ensure that all necessary precautions are taken and that proper procedures are strictly followed during all oil transfer operations. A close watch must be maintained during these operations to ensure that any escape of oil does not go unnoticed. All vessels must carry oil spill removal equipment which includes sorbents, non-sparking hand scoops, shovels, and buckets, emulsifiers for deck cleaning, protective clothing, scupper plugs, portable pumps with hoses, etc. The equipment must be kept in a convenient storeroom and must not be used for any other purpose.

35.         PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT 1: # Personal Protective Equipment will not in itself prevent an accident but will help to prevent injury. Any person who may be required to wear or use protective clothing or equipment is to be properly trained or instructed in its use and advised of any limitations of its use. Protective clothing and equipment are to be issued to each employee or kept in an easily accessible and clearly marked location. Any defects are to be reported immediately. Note that items such as scarves, sweatbands, casual headgear, loose clothing, finger rings, necklaces and other jewelry can be extremely hazardous. These objects can get caught in moving machinery, power tools or when working with ropes or lines. If the necessary PPE is not available for use, work must not be carried out or permitted.

36.         PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT 2: # / deterioration and damage / where high noise levels exist / protection / handling chemicals / suitably approved goggles or visors / in oxygen deficient atmospheres /

37.         PIRACY: # / intent / between / during / improved / connected / dangerous /

38.         POLLUTION AT SEA: N Most of the waste produce on land eventually reaches the sea, either through deliberate dumping or from run (away/to/off) through drains and rivers. Oil spill cause a great deal of harm to the marine environment but are only responsible (for/from/to) about 12% of the oil running into the sea each year solid garbage also (has/takes/makes) its way to the sea. Plastic bags are often found (bending/breaking/blocking) airways of many marine species including whales, dolphins, seals and turtles. Also, approximately 80% of urban sewage discharged into the Mediterranean Sea is untreated or (down/sub/under) treated. Tiny animals such as plankton absorb the chemical as they feed, because they don't break (away/into/down) easily. The chemical then become much more concentrated in their bodies than in the surrounding water.

39.         PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN DURING TUG ASSISTANCE: The vessel must be operated at low speed to effectively use the tugs. The master of the vessel and the tug operators must discuss the location of tug attachment before the operations Start, as the turning level is decided by the position of the tugs. Those operating the tug must have knowledge about the operational the capabilities of different kind of tug. Conventional tugs are less flexible than water tractor tugs. Always make sure there's lookout on from the vessel. The forces generated by the tugs propeller may cause the vessel to move away from the direction of the pull.

40.         PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT:  As a seagoing vessel, we have a legal and moral obligation to (keep/protect/survive) the marine environment and there are (difficult/large/strict) regulations in place regarding ocean dumping. (That/These/This) regulations make it illegal to dump plastic refuse and waste matter mixed with plastic, and restrict dumping of non-plastic trash and other (forms/shapes/size) of waste. Staff should (and/but/therefore) be aware of the procedures in place for the correct disposal of waste, and should (report/say/tell) anyone they see dumping trash into the ocean to their immediate superior. ----- Будучи морским судном, мы несем юридические и моральные обязательства по защите морской среды, и существуют строгие правила, касающиеся сброса отходов в океан. Эти нормы запрещают свалку пластиковых отходов и отходов материала в смеси с пластичным, а также ограничить демпинг не пластиковый мусор и другие виды отходов. Поэтому сотрудники должны быть осведомлены о действующих процедурах правильной утилизации отходов и должны сообщать своему непосредственному начальнику о всех случаях сброса мусора в океан.

41.         RESCUE at SEA: N In recent years, (thousands of/a thousand of/some thousands) migrants have attempted to make the dangerous boat crossing to Europe from Libya. They are fleeing war, persecution and poverty and are willing to risk everything for the dream of a better life in Europe. Smugglers charge anything from $750 to $3500 apiece for a place on a boat they say is headed (for/at/in) Europe. In most cases, however, the vessels are unseaworthy and (overfilled/fill up/too filling). The smugglers provide hardly enough fuel to (make/approach/join) it to international waters; the passengers are then left to their fate. If a multi-national rescue effort were not around to help, most of the migrants (would die/are dying/have died). The migrants that are safely rescued are handed emergency rations and blankets. Many of them suffer from dehydration and muscle pain, (because/due/resulting) of the cramped conditions on the dinghies.

42.         RISK ASSESSMENT: = # Rick assessment is a relatively simple task and is a careful of (essential/irrelevant/potential ) hazards during onboard activities. During these examination precautions already in place can be identified and decisions made as to whether additional precautions may be (hired/raised/required). The aim is to prevent or at least (downsize/maximize/minimize) the chances of accidents or incidents on board. Assessments are required for (all/every/everyone) critical operations on board. An operation which may be (compared/considered/contrasted) as “routine” with minimal rick in normal conditions may present a higher rick where conditions change, for example bad weather or machinery failure. Day to day operations are to be (excluded/included/prohibited) as well as all other critical operations including unusual or infrequent tasks.

43.         SAFE WELDING: # If welding or flame-cutting are needed in areas other than in the workshop you should receive a Permit to Work. Where portable lights are required to provide adequate illumination, they should be clamped or secured in position, adequate ventilation should be provided when welding in enclosed spaces. Breathing apparatus may be needed. Welding equipment should be inspected before use to ensure that it is in serviceable condition. All repairs should be carried out by a competent person. Protective clothing including welding helmet, or goggles, leather welding gloves, leather apron and tong-sleeved boiler suit must be worn by the operator. The area of work should be free of combustible solids, liquids or gases. Suitable fire extinguisher should be kept at hand ready for use during the operation.

44.         SAFETY EQUIPMENT: # The SSO is responsible for the storage and control of all shipboard security equipment including the identification card system. All security equipment is serviced, maintained, and repaired in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendation. This ensures the equipment will perform continually during inclement weather conditions and power disruptions. Maintenance, repair and inspection records for security equipment are maintained. Any equipment or system failure of malfunction shall be reported immediately.

45.         SECURITY LEVELS 1: # The term "security levels" is used to quantify the risk of a potential security incident. There are 3 security levels: Level 1 is considered as normal with minimum routine security measures in place. Level 2 is where an increased risk of security incident exists. In this case there are additional security measures taken over and above those at level 1. Level 3 is the highest level and this is where a security incident or threat against a port, port facility, or ship is probable or imminent. Instructions will normally be given by those responding to the incident and generally normal operations will stop. If the security level changes the Master will be advised by the vessel's flag Administration. Company Security Officer of the port. In turn the Ship Security Officer will ensure that all crew are made aware of the level along with then duties.

46.         SECURITY LEVELS 2: = The term "security levels" is used to quantify the risk of a potential security incident. There are 3 security levels: Level 1 is considered as normal with minimum routine security measures in place. Level 2 is where an increased risk of security incident exists. In this case there are additional security measures taken over and above those at level 1. Level 3 is the highest level and this is where a security incident or threat against a port, port facility, or ship is probable or imminent. Instructions will normally be given by those responding to the incident and generally normal operations will stop. If the security level changes the Master will be advised by the vessel's flag Administration. Company Security Officer of the port. In turn the Ship Security Officer will ensure that all crew are made aware of the level along with then duties.

47.         SECURITY ON BOARD: = # Practical measures must be taken to reduce security risks. Before entering ports. Masters must remind their crew about their own personal security both on board and on shore. Every crewman must ensure that his/her cabin is kept locked. When in port, a good gangway and deck watch must be maintained. Access to the ship must be limited to one point whenever possible. Rope ladders, including pilot ladders are not to be left over-side. Regular checks all-round the ship is to be made with attention to the off-shore side as well as the shore-side. Watchmen must carry torches and must keep in radio contact with the officer-of-the-watch.

48.         SECURITY: # Threats to the security of ships and crews are always present, whether it be theft, stowaways, piracy, terrorism, bomb threats or drug smuggling. The security of the ship is in the interest of everyone on board. The ship has a security plan which gives the SSO assistance in organizing effective security and practical guidance in procedures and precautions. A Ship Security Officer is appointed onboard and is responsible to the Master for all security issues and for conducting regular security training on board for the crew. Everyone on board has a duty to ensure that the vessel is kept as secure as possible and that any suspicious activities, persons or packages are reported immediately to the SSO.

49.         SHIP FIRE 1: # In the case of a spillage that has (resulted/subsequent/located) in a fire, the Chief Officer will direct operations via the Emergency Organization. The large surface created by the spillage will allow the oil to give off gas more rapidly than would (normally be the case/damages/be the speed). If a source of ignition is present, the subsequent fire would be a major conflagration that would probably be beyond the extinguishing ability of the Emergency Party. The Chief Officer must (ensure that/extinguish/release to) all possible sources of ignition are isolated or removed. The spillage area may be covered with foam (to minimize the risk/and oil/to discover) as soon as possible before cleaning up operations are commenced. Careful judgment must be exercised as this action could spread oil further causing (greater risk and/very little/overtime for) serious environmental pollution.

50.         SHIP FIRE 2: # Upon (discovering/starting/extinguishing) a fire, either visually or through the smoke detector, the Emergency Alarm must be sounded and the Emergency Party mustered. The Chief Officer or the Senior Deck Officer on board (will direct/the vessel/must abandon) the Emergency Party. His actions will be governed by circumstances, but initially he must investigate the situation and (assess/resist/contact) the gravity of the fire. If personnel are, or have been working in the affected hold a search must be made while commencing remedial action. The investigation will determine if the fire (can be dealt with/in seen to be/can be ignited) using hoses, or if the fixed fire extinguishing system will be required. Whatever the outcome the Emergency Party should rig (fire hoses/fire alarm/the lifeboats) around the affected hold and cool the deck.

51.         SHIP RECYCLING: = In the ship recycling industry, most of the vessels (are bought) with 100% cash. The cash buyer then sells the vessel to a recycler in one of the recycling countries such as India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. These three countries (account) for 70-80 percent of the international recycling market. The cash buyer (takes over) the vessel at the delivery port and his crew then boards and sails the vessel to the ship recycling location. In the meantime, the vessel is re-flagged and given a new name and new (insurance) cover. Ship recycling is regarded as one of the world’s most dangerous industries and very labour-intensive. A place that is well-known for ship recycling is Alang (on) the Indian coastline, northwest of Mumbai. It is known as the “graveyard” for vessels. The workers use basic tools to (dismantle) the ships that are too old or too expensive to maintain

52.         SMOKING REGULATION: = # The Company’s requirement regarding smoking must be made know to and (strictly observed/collected/signed) by every member of the ship's company and all visitors to the ship. Local terminal and regulations concerning smoking must also be strictly enforced. Smoking is strictly (prohibited/encouraged/permitted) in any area outside accommodation boundaries, alleyways and corridors, in bed, all galleys, stores and (food preparation area/guard railings/mooring ropes), all storerooms including linen lockers and laundry rooms, machinery spaces and workshops. Cigarette lighters/Drills/Firefighting appliances) are not permitted. Cigarette ends and matchsticks should be placed in receptacles provided for tins purpose. ‘NO SMOKING' (warning notices/cargo/lighting) must be (clearly displayed/neglected/thrown overboard) at all points of access making clear the restrictions in force.

53.         SPACES that can change from “SAFE” to “DANGEROUS”: = An enclosed space that has been labelled safe can become unsafe in certain circumstances. For instance, the fo’c’sle could be sealed for some days, during which a storm causes chemicals to break loose to give off toxic fumes. Any space on a vessel that has been closed for any length of time without ventilation must be considered dangerous. Any space can become contaminated when machinery is operated in it, or through leakage of gases from adjoining cargo spaces, as a result of substances stored there such as old lead-acid batteries.

54.         SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION: # Spontaneous combustion can occur when packed cargoes such as coal, hemp, copra and grain are carried especially if these have been (loaded in damp conditions/inspected/secured properly). In the Centre of these cargoes there is (very little ventilation/a lot of space/not much light) to supply a cooling effect and the natural heat generated can rise to such a degree that it causes (combustion/freezing/jamming) of the material. Due to (the restriction of oxygen supply/bad weather conditions/procedures), this will just smoulder for a considerable time until part of the cargo is removed. Then by admitting additional air, the cargo (could burst into flames/becomes wet/is shifted). Stowage of engine room stores is important since materials such as cleaning rags, cotton waste, sawdust can all cause (alarm/spontaneous combustion/toxic chemicals) especially if they are stored next to the various chemicals carried on board ships.

55.         STOWAWAYS 1: # Stowaways are usually desperate people trying to flee their country due to political unrest or war. They hide onboard and can create many problems but if discovered they should be treated with reasonable respect and consideration. Stowaways can board in any country but are prevalent in West Africa, Central America and in places where there may be political problems. To assist checking for stowaways a checklist is to be used for routine and final inspection. The checklist contains all spaces where a stowaway could possibly hide. Crews are urged to carry out thorough searches тщательный поиск of hard to reach positions on the ship.

56.         STOWAWAYS 2:   / while / in / exposed / with / take / particularly /

57.         STOWAWAYS 3: # /due to political unrest or war / respect and consideration (treated with reasonable respect and) / can board in / a checklist / could possibly hide / to carry out through searches /

58.         SUCCESSFUL TECHNIQUES to get promoted on board vessel: / out / delegated / highlight / interpersonal / on / speed /

59.         THE DRILLER: # / both / which / for / has / all / their /

60.         VAPOUR: # Exposure to vapour may cause (a wide variety/death/breathing apparatus) of bodily effects such as systemic poisoning, irritation of the nose, throat and respiratory system. Irrespective of the potential (health hazard/noise/help) the principle must be adopted of avoiding any exposure, no matter how short the period, to any harmful concentration of vapour. The basic approach must be to (control/wreck/the south of) the release of vapour and facilitate rapid dilution to harmless concentrations. Also, as a special measure positive (against protection/deep/charging of) vapour inhalation must be enforced when personnel enter areas and spaces where harmful vapour concentrations may still be encountered. Such special measures are (particularly necessary/about one meter/inconsiderate) when the vapour is described in the data sheet as being a moderate of severe inhalation hazard.

61.         VESSEL SECURITY 1: # Certain basic precautions, when in port need to be taken to ensure the vessels overall security. The wheelhouse, radio room, storeroom and where possible the steering gear compartment should be kept locked (when not in use/and opened/and free to enter). In ports with a bad record of theft it is also advisable to lock the public rooms if they are not occupied (by ship personnel/by midnight/for unauthorized entry). Consideration should be given to (limiting access/dismissing watchmen/important visitors) to the accommodation to one door only. Only authorized craft should be (alongside/afloat/observed) and they should not be allowed to remain for longer than is necessary. In ports where security arrangements are poor or where problems are (known to exist/even better/never happening), local watchmen should be employed through the Agents.

62.         VESSEL SECURITY 2: # The absolute security of the vessel and the property contained within is the (responsibility/possession/ownership) of all personnel on board. In port, access to the ship should, where possible, be limited to one point. Pilot ladders must always be (brought inboard/damaged/absent) after use. The gangway or other access must be attended (at all times/every weekend/or cleaned) by watchman who must be equipped with a torch and a VHF transceiver. At times when it may be necessary for the watchman to attend to mooring he (must advise/can leave/cannot participate) the Officer of the Watch. Personnel must satisfy themselves mat the gangway security is not unduly impaired. The decks, gangway and as far as practicable the sea area (around the ship/at midday/under the surface) should be well lighted during the hours of darkness.

63.         VESSEL SECURITY 3: # Certain basic precautions, when in port need to be taken to ensure the vessel’s overall security. (Special arrangements/No personnel/An emergency) may be necessary for the protection of compartments outside the Engine Room. Package, stores and spares (should be scrutinized/must be destroyed/contain contraband) when being received onboard. Where a full search is impracticable (before sailing/because/by the thief) random checks should be made. A thorough check for stowaways must be made and a positive report made to the Master and a suitable log entry made. In ports where stowaways are (a problem/a help/never present) shore assistance is to be considered to help ship’s staff in searching the vessel. A notice is to be placed at the head of the (gangway/rat guard/police) stating clearly “No unauthorized entry allowed”.

64.         WOMEN AT SEA:  = As seafaring is predominantly a man’s world, it presents some unique and unusual challenges for women entering the profession. Women at sea may feel left out or ignored by fellow crew members. As result, they are more likely to experience feelings of loneliness and homesickness. Often there can be a lack of basic for female seafarers. They may have to manage with baggy coveralls and oversized boots as well as go without proper changing facilities. Establishing good working relationships with male colleagues can be difficult, as it can provoke jealousy and also lead to favouritism. It is better not to be to close or overfriendly to avoid bullying by others on board.

65.         WORK ON ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS: = # Prior to work involving maintenance and testing of electrical circuits, a Permit to work is to be completed. This involves work where there is a danger of shock that could result in injury or death. It should be remembered that such injury can be caused at voltages as low as 60V. It also involves work on electrical circuits of any voltage where there is a risk of flammable vapours being present. This will involve all work outside the main accommodation block and machinery spaces on vessels carrying dangerous cargoes. Care is to be taken to isolate the equipment at source wherever possible and to follow the Lock-out/Tag-out procedures.

66.         WORKING ALOFT: # Special precautions should be taken when working aloft. Where possible, staging or a ladder should be used and secured firmly. A safety harness and lifeline must be used. If possible a safety net should be rigged. Tools should be carried up in secure containers or belts specially designed for carrying tools to prevent them falling and causing injury to anyone. The area below the work site should be roped off with warning signs stating that people are working aloft. Care should also be taken when working aloft that tools are placed securely to prevent them dropping on anyone. Hazards should be identified, such as the ship whistle, radars, antennae, which should all be isolated while aloft and "Do not operate" signs should be placed on them.